A job is considered either "male-concentrated" or "female-concentrated" if a gender makes up 60% or more of the workforce. Jobs with between 40% and 60% of either gender are considered "gender-balanced". The gender composition of each occupation and industry can be granularly computed using the ABS 2021 Census data.

Compared to male-concentrated occupations, average hourly wage rates are 9.9% lower in female-concentrated occupations. Compared to male-concentrated industries, wages are 3.8% lower in female-concentrated industries.

The premium for male-concentrated jobs also prevails relative to gender-balanced jobs, by similar magnitudes.

To correct for this gender-based undervaluation, we upwardly adjusted the proxy occupation wage rates used to measure the value of unpaid work and care, as well as the wage rates of female-concentrated occupations in the paid workforce.

Adjusting for the undervaluation of female-concentrated occupations and industries see women’s share of total labour effort expands further to 49.3%.

The analysis also shows that, regardless of which industry or occupation they work in, men experience a 4.8% wage premium. Adjusting for this sees women’s labour share rise to 50.5%.